Mineral Resource Increase of 17% to 23.5Mt at Mina do Barroso Lithium Project

Original announcement by research on

Company
Unavailable
Ticker
SAV
Exchange
LSE
Region
northern Portugal
Primary commodity
Lithium
Secondary commodities
Iron ore, Tantalum
Document categories
Resource update, Metallurgy, Other
Extracted
2026-11-11 14:35:08 UTC

Analysis by Minestarters Atlas

Atlas analysis published:

Minestarters Atlas analysis

Summary

Savannah reports a 17% increase in the Mina do Barroso JORC Mineral Resource to 23.5Mt at 1.02% Li2O, with 241,000t contained Li2O. The update also lifts Measured and Indicated tonnage to 13.3Mt and highlights that metallurgical test work supports conventional processing, while further optimisation work continues.

Reasoning: The release reports a material JORC resource increase and improved confidence at Mina do Barroso, alongside supportive but still preliminary metallurgical commentary. It is positive and materially important, but not a feasibility or production milestone.

Positive factors

  • JORC compliant Mineral Resource increased to 23.5Mt at 1.02% Li2O
  • Measured and Indicated resource increased to 13.3Mt and now represents 58% of the total resource
  • QA/QC, competent person sign-off and cut-off grade are disclosed
  • Metallurgical test work indicates conventional processing can generate high-grade lithium concentrate

Negative factors

  • Exploration Target remains conceptual and is not a resource
  • No modifying factors were applied to the reported Mineral Resource Estimate
  • Metallurgical work is ongoing and no final flowsheet is defined

Facts used in scoring: 18

Classification and evidence

JORC Compliantpositive

Resource estimate prepared in compliance with JORC Code (Australia) — high reporting standard.

Why it applies: The announcement states the estimate is a JORC 2012 compliant Mineral Resource Estimate.

Evidence · text

“JORC 2012 Compliant Measured, Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource Estimate”

QP/CP Signedpositive

Qualified Person (QP) or Competent Person (CP) named and signed off — a member of a recognized professional association (e.g., AusIMM, SME, AIG, P.Geo) with relevant experience.

Why it applies: The release names Paul Payne and says the resource information is based on his work as Competent Person.

Evidence · text

“Mr Paul Payne, a Competent Person”

Cut Off Disclosedpositive

Cut-off grade used for resource reporting is clearly stated, enabling like-for-like comparison.

Why it applies: The resource table explicitly states a 0.5% Li2O cut-off.

Evidence · table

“0.5% Li2O Cut-off”

Context: Table 3. April 2019 Mineral Resource Summary (0.5% Li2O cut-off)

QA/QC Disclosedpositive · Story-specific tag

Reported assays have a certified laboratory, actual QA/QC methods, or named QP/CP responsibility. Generic CP boilerplate, old-release references, plans and unrelated work are insufficient. Approval of a correction does not verify expressly unverified historical assays; assay accuracy is not guaranteed.

Why it applies: The release states QAQC protocols were in place and names blanks, standards and field duplicates.

Evidence · text

“QAQC protocols were in place”

Infill Drillingneutral · Story-specific tag

Confirmatory drilling to raise resource confidence, not new discovery.

Why it applies: The program is described as focused on improving the resource category and increasing confidence in the existing mining inventory.

Evidence · text

“focused on both improving the Mineral Resource Estimate category of the existing Mining Inventory”

Free Millingpositive

Simple, clean ore amenable to standard processing without oxidation.

Why it applies: The metallurgy section says conventional processing technology can generate concentrate, without refractory treatment being required.

Evidence · text

“using conventional processing technology”

Deleterious Elements Presentnegative · Story-specific tag

A source-stated penalty, refractory or recovery concern in the fact's scope. Element detection alone, including measured elements explicitly below penalty thresholds, does not trigger this tag. Respect negation and retain a separately stated concern even when another risk is explicitly absent.

Why it applies: Iron contamination in assay data is discussed and corrected for before estimation.

Evidence · text

“a large proportion of the assayed iron is due to contamination”

Apparent Width Onlynegative · Story-specific tag

A reported assay interval gives downhole or apparent length without a disclosed true width. It describes geometric uncertainty, not a measured true thickness or proof that the interval is overstated; drill orientation alone is not a true-width measurement.

Why it applies: Some mineralisation widths are described in terms of thickness and true width, but many resource tables do not carry drill orientation details; this is mainly a resource-summary release rather than a drill intercept report.

Evidence · text

“The lower portion is a steep dipping dyke, which is 15m-20m in true width”

Mill Routeneutral

Processing via mill or concentrator (CIL, CIP, tank leach, flotation).

Why it applies: the document describes a flotation route ("concentrate")

Multi Domain Testedpositive

Completed testwork covers multiple identified ore domains and addresses variability under DOMAIN_COVERAGE_TIERS. Multiple sample or composite identifiers from the same domain do not establish multiple domains, and a proposed programme is not completed coverage.

Why it applies: 3 distinct composites were tested

Extracted facts

Stored fact records: 18. Some facts used in scoring do not have a stored record.

Resource Estimates (13)

measuredMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumTonnes: 6600000Grade: 1.1Grade Unit: % Li2OContained Metal: 71600Contained Unit: tView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Resource scope

Estimate type
resource
Reporting standards
jorc
QP Signed
Yes
Qualified person names
Paul Payne
Resource group id
resource:f2f7c5b22c2c02dc40cf
Deposit or zone
All Deposits
Mining method
open_pit

Resource Data

Category
measured
Tonnes
6600000
Grade
1.1
Grade Unit
% Li2O
Contained Metal
71600
Contained Unit
t
Cutoff Grade
0.5
Cutoff Unit
% Li2O

Prior Estimate

Resource Date
2019-04-09

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: Measured lithium resource is a key component of the updated estimate and shows strong geological confidence.

Positive factors

  • Measured resource disclosed in a JORC-compliant update
  • Contained metal and cut-off grade are stated
  • Part of a larger 23.5Mt resource increase

Evidence · table

“Measured 6.6 1.1 0.7 71,600”

Context: Table 1. Updated Mineral Resource Estimation Summary

Tags used in scoring

Measured Resourcepositive

A source-reported Measured Mineral Resource with sufficiently established geological continuity and quality. After the required study and Modifying Factors it may convert to a Proved/Proven or Probable Reserve; the resource classification alone is not a reserve or a demonstration of economic viability.

Why it applies: category is "measured"

Cut Off Disclosedpositive

Cut-off grade used for resource reporting is clearly stated, enabling like-for-like comparison.

Why it applies: cutoff_grade is stated

QP/CP Signedpositive

Qualified Person (QP) or Competent Person (CP) named and signed off — a member of a recognized professional association (e.g., AusIMM, SME, AIG, P.Geo) with relevant experience.

Why it applies: qp_signed is true

JORC Compliantpositive

Resource estimate prepared in compliance with JORC Code (Australia) — high reporting standard.

Why it applies: reporting_standards includes jorc

Resource Updateneutral

The announcement publishes a new or revised estimate for an existing resource, with a source-backed change in tonnage, grade, classification, commodity or estimation basis. An older resource table reproduced as background to drilling or exploration is not a new resource update. A table heading or an effective date alone does not establish a revision in this announcement; compare the actual estimate and its scope with the prior disclosure.

Why it applies: the release compares against a previous estimate

PEA Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Preliminary Economic Assessment — early-stage study.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

DFS Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Definitive Feasibility Study — requires high M&I confidence.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

Stale Estimatenegative

The estimate effective date exceeds the MRE_STALENESS window measured at the document event date. Preserve the actual dates; age alone does not establish non-compliance or a change in the resource.

Why it applies: effective date is 7.6 years before this release

indicatedMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumTonnes: 6800000Grade: 1Grade Unit: % Li2OContained Metal: 65400Contained Unit: tView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Resource scope

Estimate type
resource
Reporting standards
jorc
QP Signed
Yes
Qualified person names
Paul Payne
Resource group id
resource:69fe208410db3548f15e
Deposit or zone
All Deposits
Mining method
open_pit

Resource Data

Category
indicated
Tonnes
6800000
Grade
1
Grade Unit
% Li2O
Contained Metal
65400
Contained Unit
t
Cutoff Grade
0.5
Cutoff Unit
% Li2O

Prior Estimate

Resource Date
2019-04-09

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: The indicated component is material because it supports mine planning and now forms a large part of the resource base.

Positive factors

  • Indicated resource increased as part of the updated estimate
  • JORC-compliant reporting and QP sign-off are disclosed

Evidence · table

“Indicated 6.8 1.0 0.8 65,400”

Context: Table 1. Updated Mineral Resource Estimation Summary

Tags used in scoring

Indicated Resourcepositive

A source-reported Indicated Mineral Resource with sufficient geological confidence to apply Modifying Factors and evaluate economic viability. It may support conversion to a Probable Reserve after the required study; it is not itself a reserve.

Why it applies: category is "indicated"

Cut Off Disclosedpositive

Cut-off grade used for resource reporting is clearly stated, enabling like-for-like comparison.

Why it applies: cutoff_grade is stated

QP/CP Signedpositive

Qualified Person (QP) or Competent Person (CP) named and signed off — a member of a recognized professional association (e.g., AusIMM, SME, AIG, P.Geo) with relevant experience.

Why it applies: qp_signed is true

JORC Compliantpositive

Resource estimate prepared in compliance with JORC Code (Australia) — high reporting standard.

Why it applies: reporting_standards includes jorc

Resource Updateneutral

The announcement publishes a new or revised estimate for an existing resource, with a source-backed change in tonnage, grade, classification, commodity or estimation basis. An older resource table reproduced as background to drilling or exploration is not a new resource update. A table heading or an effective date alone does not establish a revision in this announcement; compare the actual estimate and its scope with the prior disclosure.

Why it applies: the release compares against a previous estimate

PEA Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Preliminary Economic Assessment — early-stage study.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

DFS Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Definitive Feasibility Study — requires high M&I confidence.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

Stale Estimatenegative

The estimate effective date exceeds the MRE_STALENESS window measured at the document event date. Preserve the actual dates; age alone does not establish non-compliance or a change in the resource.

Why it applies: effective date is 7.6 years before this release

inferredMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumTonnes: 10200000Grade: 1Grade Unit: % Li2OContained Metal: 103900Contained Unit: tView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Resource scope

Estimate type
resource
Reporting standards
jorc
QP Signed
Yes
Qualified person names
Paul Payne
Resource group id
resource:32f94898ef1fe9ba756b
Deposit or zone
All Deposits
Mining method
open_pit

Resource Data

Category
inferred
Tonnes
10200000
Grade
1
Grade Unit
% Li2O
Contained Metal
103900
Contained Unit
t
Cutoff Grade
0.5
Cutoff Unit
% Li2O

Prior Estimate

Resource Date
2019-04-09

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: The inferred category adds scale, but it carries lower confidence and therefore less immediate engineering value.

Positive factors

  • Inferred resource is explicitly quantified in the updated estimate
  • The project-wide resource inventory expanded

Negative factors

  • Inferred material still forms a substantial portion of the resource
  • Lower confidence than Measured and Indicated

Evidence · table

“Inferred 10.2 1.0 0.9 103,900”

Context: Table 1. Updated Mineral Resource Estimation Summary

Tags used in scoring

Inferred Resourcenegative

A source-reported Inferred Mineral Resource with lower geological confidence than Indicated or Measured. It cannot be converted directly to a reserve or establish the reserve basis of a PFS/FS; applicable early-stage assessments may include it with the required cautions. Negative polarity describes confidence limitations, not proof of a poor deposit.

Why it applies: category is "inferred"

Cut Off Disclosedpositive

Cut-off grade used for resource reporting is clearly stated, enabling like-for-like comparison.

Why it applies: cutoff_grade is stated

QP/CP Signedpositive

Qualified Person (QP) or Competent Person (CP) named and signed off — a member of a recognized professional association (e.g., AusIMM, SME, AIG, P.Geo) with relevant experience.

Why it applies: qp_signed is true

JORC Compliantpositive

Resource estimate prepared in compliance with JORC Code (Australia) — high reporting standard.

Why it applies: reporting_standards includes jorc

Resource Updateneutral

The announcement publishes a new or revised estimate for an existing resource, with a source-backed change in tonnage, grade, classification, commodity or estimation basis. An older resource table reproduced as background to drilling or exploration is not a new resource update. A table heading or an effective date alone does not establish a revision in this announcement; compare the actual estimate and its scope with the prior disclosure.

Why it applies: the release compares against a previous estimate

PEA Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Preliminary Economic Assessment — early-stage study.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

DFS Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Definitive Feasibility Study — requires high M&I confidence.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

Stale Estimatenegative

The estimate effective date exceeds the MRE_STALENESS window measured at the document event date. Preserve the actual dates; age alone does not establish non-compliance or a change in the resource.

Why it applies: effective date is 7.6 years before this release

measuredMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumTonnes: 6600000Grade: 1.1Grade Unit: % Li2OContained Metal: 71600Contained Unit: tView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Resource scope

Estimate type
resource
Reporting standards
jorc
QP Signed
Yes
Qualified person names
Paul Payne
Resource group id
resource:f2f7c5b22c2c02dc40cf
Deposit or zone
All Deposits
Mining method
open_pit

Resource Data

Category
measured
Tonnes
6600000
Grade
1.1
Grade Unit
% Li2O
Contained Metal
71600
Contained Unit
t
Cutoff Grade
0.5
Cutoff Unit
% Li2O

Prior Estimate

Resource Date
2019-04-09

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: This repeats the measured project total from the detailed table and confirms the headline resource summary.

Positive factors

  • Measured resource row repeated in detailed table
  • Cut-off grade disclosed

Evidence · table

“Measured 6.6 1.1 0.7 71,600”

Context: Table 3. April 2019 Mineral Resource Summary (0.5% Li2O cut-off)

Tags used in scoring

Measured Resourcepositive

A source-reported Measured Mineral Resource with sufficiently established geological continuity and quality. After the required study and Modifying Factors it may convert to a Proved/Proven or Probable Reserve; the resource classification alone is not a reserve or a demonstration of economic viability.

Why it applies: category is "measured"

Cut Off Disclosedpositive

Cut-off grade used for resource reporting is clearly stated, enabling like-for-like comparison.

Why it applies: cutoff_grade is stated

QP/CP Signedpositive

Qualified Person (QP) or Competent Person (CP) named and signed off — a member of a recognized professional association (e.g., AusIMM, SME, AIG, P.Geo) with relevant experience.

Why it applies: qp_signed is true

JORC Compliantpositive

Resource estimate prepared in compliance with JORC Code (Australia) — high reporting standard.

Why it applies: reporting_standards includes jorc

Resource Updateneutral

The announcement publishes a new or revised estimate for an existing resource, with a source-backed change in tonnage, grade, classification, commodity or estimation basis. An older resource table reproduced as background to drilling or exploration is not a new resource update. A table heading or an effective date alone does not establish a revision in this announcement; compare the actual estimate and its scope with the prior disclosure.

Why it applies: the release compares against a previous estimate

PEA Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Preliminary Economic Assessment — early-stage study.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

DFS Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Definitive Feasibility Study — requires high M&I confidence.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

Stale Estimatenegative

The estimate effective date exceeds the MRE_STALENESS window measured at the document event date. Preserve the actual dates; age alone does not establish non-compliance or a change in the resource.

Why it applies: effective date is 7.6 years before this release

indicatedMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumTonnes: 6800000Grade: 1Grade Unit: % Li2OContained Metal: 65400Contained Unit: tView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Resource scope

Estimate type
resource
Reporting standards
jorc
QP Signed
Yes
Qualified person names
Paul Payne
Resource group id
resource:69fe208410db3548f15e
Deposit or zone
All Deposits
Mining method
open_pit

Resource Data

Category
indicated
Tonnes
6800000
Grade
1
Grade Unit
% Li2O
Contained Metal
65400
Contained Unit
t
Cutoff Grade
0.5
Cutoff Unit
% Li2O

Prior Estimate

Resource Date
2019-04-09

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: The detailed table confirms the indicated resource component used in the headline summary.

Positive factors

  • Indicated project total is explicitly stated in the detailed summary

Evidence · table

“Indicated 6.4 1.0 0.8 65,300”

Context: Table 3. April 2019 Mineral Resource Summary (0.5% Li2O cut-off)

Tags used in scoring

Indicated Resourcepositive

A source-reported Indicated Mineral Resource with sufficient geological confidence to apply Modifying Factors and evaluate economic viability. It may support conversion to a Probable Reserve after the required study; it is not itself a reserve.

Why it applies: category is "indicated"

Cut Off Disclosedpositive

Cut-off grade used for resource reporting is clearly stated, enabling like-for-like comparison.

Why it applies: cutoff_grade is stated

QP/CP Signedpositive

Qualified Person (QP) or Competent Person (CP) named and signed off — a member of a recognized professional association (e.g., AusIMM, SME, AIG, P.Geo) with relevant experience.

Why it applies: qp_signed is true

JORC Compliantpositive

Resource estimate prepared in compliance with JORC Code (Australia) — high reporting standard.

Why it applies: reporting_standards includes jorc

Resource Updateneutral

The announcement publishes a new or revised estimate for an existing resource, with a source-backed change in tonnage, grade, classification, commodity or estimation basis. An older resource table reproduced as background to drilling or exploration is not a new resource update. A table heading or an effective date alone does not establish a revision in this announcement; compare the actual estimate and its scope with the prior disclosure.

Why it applies: the release compares against a previous estimate

PEA Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Preliminary Economic Assessment — early-stage study.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

DFS Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Definitive Feasibility Study — requires high M&I confidence.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

Stale Estimatenegative

The estimate effective date exceeds the MRE_STALENESS window measured at the document event date. Preserve the actual dates; age alone does not establish non-compliance or a change in the resource.

Why it applies: effective date is 7.6 years before this release

inferredMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumTonnes: 10200000Grade: 1Grade Unit: % Li2OContained Metal: 103900Contained Unit: tView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Resource scope

Estimate type
resource
Reporting standards
jorc
QP Signed
Yes
Qualified person names
Paul Payne
Resource group id
resource:32f94898ef1fe9ba756b
Deposit or zone
All Deposits
Mining method
open_pit

Resource Data

Category
inferred
Tonnes
10200000
Grade
1
Grade Unit
% Li2O
Contained Metal
103900
Contained Unit
t
Cutoff Grade
0.5
Cutoff Unit
% Li2O

Prior Estimate

Resource Date
2019-04-09

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: The inferred resource remains an important part of the project inventory but is lower confidence than the Measured and Indicated material.

Positive factors

  • Inferred project total is explicitly stated in the detailed table

Negative factors

  • Large inferred component reduces confidence

Evidence · table

“Inferred 10.2 1.0 0.9 103,900”

Context: Table 3. April 2019 Mineral Resource Summary (0.5% Li2O cut-off)

Tags used in scoring

Inferred Resourcenegative

A source-reported Inferred Mineral Resource with lower geological confidence than Indicated or Measured. It cannot be converted directly to a reserve or establish the reserve basis of a PFS/FS; applicable early-stage assessments may include it with the required cautions. Negative polarity describes confidence limitations, not proof of a poor deposit.

Why it applies: category is "inferred"

Cut Off Disclosedpositive

Cut-off grade used for resource reporting is clearly stated, enabling like-for-like comparison.

Why it applies: cutoff_grade is stated

QP/CP Signedpositive

Qualified Person (QP) or Competent Person (CP) named and signed off — a member of a recognized professional association (e.g., AusIMM, SME, AIG, P.Geo) with relevant experience.

Why it applies: qp_signed is true

JORC Compliantpositive

Resource estimate prepared in compliance with JORC Code (Australia) — high reporting standard.

Why it applies: reporting_standards includes jorc

Resource Updateneutral

The announcement publishes a new or revised estimate for an existing resource, with a source-backed change in tonnage, grade, classification, commodity or estimation basis. An older resource table reproduced as background to drilling or exploration is not a new resource update. A table heading or an effective date alone does not establish a revision in this announcement; compare the actual estimate and its scope with the prior disclosure.

Why it applies: the release compares against a previous estimate

PEA Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Preliminary Economic Assessment — early-stage study.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

DFS Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Definitive Feasibility Study — requires high M&I confidence.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

Stale Estimatenegative

The estimate effective date exceeds the MRE_STALENESS window measured at the document event date. Preserve the actual dates; age alone does not establish non-compliance or a change in the resource.

Why it applies: effective date is 7.6 years before this release

measuredMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumTonnes: 6600000Grade: 1.1Grade Unit: % Li2OContained Metal: 71600Contained Unit: tView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Resource scope

Estimate type
resource
Reporting standards
jorc
QP Signed
Yes
Qualified person names
Paul Payne
Resource group id
resource:65429716cb756cb6d811
Deposit or zone
Grandao
Mining method
open_pit

Resource Data

Category
measured
Tonnes
6600000
Grade
1.1
Grade Unit
% Li2O
Contained Metal
71600
Contained Unit
t
Cutoff Grade
0.5
Cutoff Unit
% Li2O

Prior Estimate

Resource Date
2019-04-09

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: Grandao is the flagship component of the resource update and the measured tonnage is a strong confidence signal.

Positive factors

  • Grandao Measured resource is material and supports the main pit area
  • Contained metal and cut-off are stated

Evidence · table

“Measured 6.6 1.1 0.7 71,600”

Context: Grandao April 2019 - Total Mineral Resource Estimate

Tags used in scoring

Measured Resourcepositive

A source-reported Measured Mineral Resource with sufficiently established geological continuity and quality. After the required study and Modifying Factors it may convert to a Proved/Proven or Probable Reserve; the resource classification alone is not a reserve or a demonstration of economic viability.

Why it applies: category is "measured"

Cut Off Disclosedpositive

Cut-off grade used for resource reporting is clearly stated, enabling like-for-like comparison.

Why it applies: cutoff_grade is stated

QP/CP Signedpositive

Qualified Person (QP) or Competent Person (CP) named and signed off — a member of a recognized professional association (e.g., AusIMM, SME, AIG, P.Geo) with relevant experience.

Why it applies: qp_signed is true

JORC Compliantpositive

Resource estimate prepared in compliance with JORC Code (Australia) — high reporting standard.

Why it applies: reporting_standards includes jorc

Resource Updateneutral

The announcement publishes a new or revised estimate for an existing resource, with a source-backed change in tonnage, grade, classification, commodity or estimation basis. An older resource table reproduced as background to drilling or exploration is not a new resource update. A table heading or an effective date alone does not establish a revision in this announcement; compare the actual estimate and its scope with the prior disclosure.

Why it applies: the release compares against a previous estimate

PEA Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Preliminary Economic Assessment — early-stage study.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

DFS Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Definitive Feasibility Study — requires high M&I confidence.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

Stale Estimatenegative

The estimate effective date exceeds the MRE_STALENESS window measured at the document event date. Preserve the actual dates; age alone does not establish non-compliance or a change in the resource.

Why it applies: effective date is 7.6 years before this release

indicatedMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumTonnes: 6400000Grade: 1Grade Unit: % Li2OContained Metal: 65300Contained Unit: tView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Resource scope

Estimate type
resource
Reporting standards
jorc
QP Signed
Yes
Qualified person names
Paul Payne
Resource group id
resource:8d49c6ce1c0e8bb88711
Deposit or zone
Grandao
Mining method
open_pit

Resource Data

Category
indicated
Tonnes
6400000
Grade
1
Grade Unit
% Li2O
Contained Metal
65300
Contained Unit
t
Cutoff Grade
0.5
Cutoff Unit
% Li2O

Prior Estimate

Resource Date
2019-04-09

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: The indicated Grandao tonnage is significant and supports mine planning and continuity.

Positive factors

  • Grandao indicated resource adds scale to the main deposit

Evidence · table

“Indicated 6.4 1.0 0.8 65,300”

Context: Grandao April 2019 - Total Mineral Resource Estimate

Tags used in scoring

Indicated Resourcepositive

A source-reported Indicated Mineral Resource with sufficient geological confidence to apply Modifying Factors and evaluate economic viability. It may support conversion to a Probable Reserve after the required study; it is not itself a reserve.

Why it applies: category is "indicated"

Cut Off Disclosedpositive

Cut-off grade used for resource reporting is clearly stated, enabling like-for-like comparison.

Why it applies: cutoff_grade is stated

QP/CP Signedpositive

Qualified Person (QP) or Competent Person (CP) named and signed off — a member of a recognized professional association (e.g., AusIMM, SME, AIG, P.Geo) with relevant experience.

Why it applies: qp_signed is true

JORC Compliantpositive

Resource estimate prepared in compliance with JORC Code (Australia) — high reporting standard.

Why it applies: reporting_standards includes jorc

Resource Updateneutral

The announcement publishes a new or revised estimate for an existing resource, with a source-backed change in tonnage, grade, classification, commodity or estimation basis. An older resource table reproduced as background to drilling or exploration is not a new resource update. A table heading or an effective date alone does not establish a revision in this announcement; compare the actual estimate and its scope with the prior disclosure.

Why it applies: the release compares against a previous estimate

PEA Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Preliminary Economic Assessment — early-stage study.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

DFS Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Definitive Feasibility Study — requires high M&I confidence.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

Stale Estimatenegative

The estimate effective date exceeds the MRE_STALENESS window measured at the document event date. Preserve the actual dates; age alone does not establish non-compliance or a change in the resource.

Why it applies: effective date is 7.6 years before this release

inferredMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumTonnes: 4800000Grade: 1Grade Unit: % Li2OContained Metal: 48900Contained Unit: tView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Resource scope

Estimate type
resource
Reporting standards
jorc
QP Signed
Yes
Qualified person names
Paul Payne
Resource group id
resource:8cbeee5c8929b2b88715
Deposit or zone
Grandao
Mining method
open_pit

Resource Data

Category
inferred
Tonnes
4800000
Grade
1
Grade Unit
% Li2O
Contained Metal
48900
Contained Unit
t
Cutoff Grade
0.5
Cutoff Unit
% Li2O

Prior Estimate

Resource Date
2019-04-09

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: The inferred Grandao material adds scale but remains speculative relative to the measured and indicated material.

Positive factors

  • Grandao inferred resource is quantified in the update

Negative factors

  • Inferred classification carries lower confidence

Evidence · table

“Inferred 4.8 1.0 0.7 48,900”

Context: Grandao April 2019 - Total Mineral Resource Estimate

Tags used in scoring

Inferred Resourcenegative

A source-reported Inferred Mineral Resource with lower geological confidence than Indicated or Measured. It cannot be converted directly to a reserve or establish the reserve basis of a PFS/FS; applicable early-stage assessments may include it with the required cautions. Negative polarity describes confidence limitations, not proof of a poor deposit.

Why it applies: category is "inferred"

Cut Off Disclosedpositive

Cut-off grade used for resource reporting is clearly stated, enabling like-for-like comparison.

Why it applies: cutoff_grade is stated

QP/CP Signedpositive

Qualified Person (QP) or Competent Person (CP) named and signed off — a member of a recognized professional association (e.g., AusIMM, SME, AIG, P.Geo) with relevant experience.

Why it applies: qp_signed is true

JORC Compliantpositive

Resource estimate prepared in compliance with JORC Code (Australia) — high reporting standard.

Why it applies: reporting_standards includes jorc

Resource Updateneutral

The announcement publishes a new or revised estimate for an existing resource, with a source-backed change in tonnage, grade, classification, commodity or estimation basis. An older resource table reproduced as background to drilling or exploration is not a new resource update. A table heading or an effective date alone does not establish a revision in this announcement; compare the actual estimate and its scope with the prior disclosure.

Why it applies: the release compares against a previous estimate

PEA Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Preliminary Economic Assessment — early-stage study.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

DFS Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Definitive Feasibility Study — requires high M&I confidence.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

Stale Estimatenegative

The estimate effective date exceeds the MRE_STALENESS window measured at the document event date. Preserve the actual dates; age alone does not establish non-compliance or a change in the resource.

Why it applies: effective date is 7.6 years before this release

inferredMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumTonnes: 3200000Grade: 1Grade Unit: % Li2OContained Metal: 32000Contained Unit: tView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Resource scope

Estimate type
resource
Reporting standards
jorc
QP Signed
Yes
Qualified person names
Paul Payne
Resource group id
resource:b39c29005ab0936c6508
Deposit or zone
Reservatorio
Mining method
open_pit

Resource Data

Category
inferred
Tonnes
3200000
Grade
1
Grade Unit
% Li2O
Contained Metal
32000
Contained Unit
t
Cutoff Grade
0.5
Cutoff Unit
% Li2O

Prior Estimate

Resource Date
2019-04-09

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: Reservatorio contributes to the project total, but this release only shows it as inferred rather than higher-confidence material.

Positive factors

  • Reservatorio resource is included in the project inventory
  • Contained metal is stated

Negative factors

  • Only an inferred resource is stated for this deposit in the summary

Evidence · table

“3.2 1.0 1.4 32,000”

Context: Reservatorio / Table 3. April 2019 Mineral Resource Summary (0.5% Li2O cut-off)

Tags used in scoring

Inferred Resourcenegative

A source-reported Inferred Mineral Resource with lower geological confidence than Indicated or Measured. It cannot be converted directly to a reserve or establish the reserve basis of a PFS/FS; applicable early-stage assessments may include it with the required cautions. Negative polarity describes confidence limitations, not proof of a poor deposit.

Why it applies: category is "inferred"

Cut Off Disclosedpositive

Cut-off grade used for resource reporting is clearly stated, enabling like-for-like comparison.

Why it applies: cutoff_grade is stated

QP/CP Signedpositive

Qualified Person (QP) or Competent Person (CP) named and signed off — a member of a recognized professional association (e.g., AusIMM, SME, AIG, P.Geo) with relevant experience.

Why it applies: qp_signed is true

JORC Compliantpositive

Resource estimate prepared in compliance with JORC Code (Australia) — high reporting standard.

Why it applies: reporting_standards includes jorc

Resource Updateneutral

The announcement publishes a new or revised estimate for an existing resource, with a source-backed change in tonnage, grade, classification, commodity or estimation basis. An older resource table reproduced as background to drilling or exploration is not a new resource update. A table heading or an effective date alone does not establish a revision in this announcement; compare the actual estimate and its scope with the prior disclosure.

Why it applies: the release compares against a previous estimate

PEA Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Preliminary Economic Assessment — early-stage study.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

DFS Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Definitive Feasibility Study — requires high M&I confidence.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

Stale Estimatenegative

The estimate effective date exceeds the MRE_STALENESS window measured at the document event date. Preserve the actual dates; age alone does not establish non-compliance or a change in the resource.

Why it applies: effective date is 7.6 years before this release

inferredMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumTonnes: 2000000Grade: 1Grade Unit: % Li2OContained Metal: 20000Contained Unit: tView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Resource scope

Estimate type
resource
Reporting standards
jorc
QP Signed
Yes
Qualified person names
Paul Payne
Resource group id
resource:8dc2e7a21c02961c8c17
Deposit or zone
Pinheiro
Mining method
open_pit

Resource Data

Category
inferred
Tonnes
2000000
Grade
1
Grade Unit
% Li2O
Contained Metal
20000
Contained Unit
t
Cutoff Grade
0.5
Cutoff Unit
% Li2O

Prior Estimate

Resource Date
2019-04-09

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: Pinheiro adds conceptual scale, but its entire resource remains inferred in this release.

Positive factors

  • Pinheiro inferred resource is reported as part of the expanded inventory

Negative factors

  • No Measured or Indicated resource is shown for Pinheiro in the summary

Evidence · table

“2.0 1.0 0.7 20,000”

Context: Pinheiro / Table 3. April 2019 Mineral Resource Summary (0.5% Li2O cut-off)

Tags used in scoring

Inferred Resourcenegative

A source-reported Inferred Mineral Resource with lower geological confidence than Indicated or Measured. It cannot be converted directly to a reserve or establish the reserve basis of a PFS/FS; applicable early-stage assessments may include it with the required cautions. Negative polarity describes confidence limitations, not proof of a poor deposit.

Why it applies: category is "inferred"

Cut Off Disclosedpositive

Cut-off grade used for resource reporting is clearly stated, enabling like-for-like comparison.

Why it applies: cutoff_grade is stated

QP/CP Signedpositive

Qualified Person (QP) or Competent Person (CP) named and signed off — a member of a recognized professional association (e.g., AusIMM, SME, AIG, P.Geo) with relevant experience.

Why it applies: qp_signed is true

JORC Compliantpositive

Resource estimate prepared in compliance with JORC Code (Australia) — high reporting standard.

Why it applies: reporting_standards includes jorc

Resource Updateneutral

The announcement publishes a new or revised estimate for an existing resource, with a source-backed change in tonnage, grade, classification, commodity or estimation basis. An older resource table reproduced as background to drilling or exploration is not a new resource update. A table heading or an effective date alone does not establish a revision in this announcement; compare the actual estimate and its scope with the prior disclosure.

Why it applies: the release compares against a previous estimate

PEA Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Preliminary Economic Assessment — early-stage study.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

DFS Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Definitive Feasibility Study — requires high M&I confidence.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

Stale Estimatenegative

The estimate effective date exceeds the MRE_STALENESS window measured at the document event date. Preserve the actual dates; age alone does not establish non-compliance or a change in the resource.

Why it applies: effective date is 7.6 years before this release

indicatedMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumTonnes: 400000Grade: 1.2Grade Unit: % Li2OContained Metal: 4200Contained Unit: tView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Resource scope

Estimate type
resource
Reporting standards
jorc
QP Signed
Yes
Qualified person names
Paul Payne
Resource group id
resource:9e9c05e268cb9c999089
Deposit or zone
NOA
Mining method
open_pit

Resource Data

Category
indicated
Tonnes
400000
Grade
1.2
Grade Unit
% Li2O
Contained Metal
4200
Contained Unit
t
Cutoff Grade
0.5
Cutoff Unit
% Li2O

Prior Estimate

Resource Date
2019-04-09

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: NOA contributes a modest indicated component with a slightly higher grade than the project-wide average.

Positive factors

  • NOA has an indicated resource component
  • Higher grade than the project average

Negative factors

  • Small tonnage relative to the project total

Evidence · table

“Indicated 0.4 1.2 0.8 4,200”

Context: NOA / Table 3. April 2019 Mineral Resource Summary (0.5% Li2O cut-off)

Tags used in scoring

Indicated Resourcepositive

A source-reported Indicated Mineral Resource with sufficient geological confidence to apply Modifying Factors and evaluate economic viability. It may support conversion to a Probable Reserve after the required study; it is not itself a reserve.

Why it applies: category is "indicated"

Cut Off Disclosedpositive

Cut-off grade used for resource reporting is clearly stated, enabling like-for-like comparison.

Why it applies: cutoff_grade is stated

QP/CP Signedpositive

Qualified Person (QP) or Competent Person (CP) named and signed off — a member of a recognized professional association (e.g., AusIMM, SME, AIG, P.Geo) with relevant experience.

Why it applies: qp_signed is true

JORC Compliantpositive

Resource estimate prepared in compliance with JORC Code (Australia) — high reporting standard.

Why it applies: reporting_standards includes jorc

Resource Updateneutral

The announcement publishes a new or revised estimate for an existing resource, with a source-backed change in tonnage, grade, classification, commodity or estimation basis. An older resource table reproduced as background to drilling or exploration is not a new resource update. A table heading or an effective date alone does not establish a revision in this announcement; compare the actual estimate and its scope with the prior disclosure.

Why it applies: the release compares against a previous estimate

PEA Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Preliminary Economic Assessment — early-stage study.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

DFS Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Definitive Feasibility Study — requires high M&I confidence.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

Stale Estimatenegative

The estimate effective date exceeds the MRE_STALENESS window measured at the document event date. Preserve the actual dates; age alone does not establish non-compliance or a change in the resource.

Why it applies: effective date is 7.6 years before this release

inferredMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumTonnes: 300000Grade: 1Grade Unit: % Li2OContained Metal: 2900Contained Unit: tView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Resource scope

Estimate type
resource
Reporting standards
jorc
QP Signed
Yes
Qualified person names
Paul Payne
Resource group id
resource:4f9e5738fb6968295b8e
Deposit or zone
NOA
Mining method
open_pit

Resource Data

Category
inferred
Tonnes
300000
Grade
1
Grade Unit
% Li2O
Contained Metal
2900
Contained Unit
t
Cutoff Grade
0.5
Cutoff Unit
% Li2O

Prior Estimate

Resource Date
2019-04-09

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: The NOA inferred tonnage is comparatively small but still relevant to the deposit inventory.

Positive factors

  • NOA inferred resource is reported alongside the indicated component

Negative factors

  • Lower-confidence material dominates the deposit

Evidence · table

“Inferred 0.3 1.0 0.9 2,900”

Context: NOA / Table 3. April 2019 Mineral Resource Summary (0.5% Li2O cut-off)

Tags used in scoring

Inferred Resourcenegative

A source-reported Inferred Mineral Resource with lower geological confidence than Indicated or Measured. It cannot be converted directly to a reserve or establish the reserve basis of a PFS/FS; applicable early-stage assessments may include it with the required cautions. Negative polarity describes confidence limitations, not proof of a poor deposit.

Why it applies: category is "inferred"

Cut Off Disclosedpositive

Cut-off grade used for resource reporting is clearly stated, enabling like-for-like comparison.

Why it applies: cutoff_grade is stated

QP/CP Signedpositive

Qualified Person (QP) or Competent Person (CP) named and signed off — a member of a recognized professional association (e.g., AusIMM, SME, AIG, P.Geo) with relevant experience.

Why it applies: qp_signed is true

JORC Compliantpositive

Resource estimate prepared in compliance with JORC Code (Australia) — high reporting standard.

Why it applies: reporting_standards includes jorc

Resource Updateneutral

The announcement publishes a new or revised estimate for an existing resource, with a source-backed change in tonnage, grade, classification, commodity or estimation basis. An older resource table reproduced as background to drilling or exploration is not a new resource update. A table heading or an effective date alone does not establish a revision in this announcement; compare the actual estimate and its scope with the prior disclosure.

Why it applies: the release compares against a previous estimate

PEA Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Preliminary Economic Assessment — early-stage study.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

DFS Supportingneutral

Resource estimate prepared to support a Definitive Feasibility Study — requires high M&I confidence.

Why it applies: the release names the study this estimate supports

Stale Estimatenegative

The estimate effective date exceeds the MRE_STALENESS window measured at the document event date. Preserve the actual dates; age alone does not establish non-compliance or a change in the resource.

Why it applies: effective date is 7.6 years before this release

Metallurgical Results (5)

metallurgical test workMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Test Work

Program Status
detailed
Test Type
metallurgical test work
Processing Route
conventional processing technology
Sample
representative mineralisation at Mina do Barroso

Recovery

Recovery Basis
actual_test

Lab

Laboratory
Nagrom Metallurgical
Consultant
Nagrom Metallurgical

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: The metallurgy is supportive but qualitative only; it indicates conventional processing may work, but it does not yet provide a quantified recovery basis.

Positive factors

  • Metallurgical test work was completed by Nagrom Metallurgical
  • Conventional processing technology is described
  • High-grade lithium, low-grade iron concentrate can be generated

Negative factors

  • No numeric recovery is reported
  • No full flowsheet, reagent regime or test-scale details are given

Evidence · text

“The work was completed by Nagrom Metallurgical in Australia and confirmed that high-grade lithium”
metallurgical test workMina do Barroso Lithium Project · iron_oreView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
iron_ore
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Test Work

Program Status
detailed
Test Type
metallurgical test work
Processing Route
conventional processing technology
Sample
representative mineralisation at Mina do Barroso

Recovery

Recovery Basis
actual_test

Lab

Laboratory
Nagrom Metallurgical
Consultant
Nagrom Metallurgical

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: Iron is mentioned as a byproduct concentrate characteristic, but there is no numeric metallurgical result for it.

Positive factors

  • Low-grade iron concentrate is specifically mentioned as an outcome

Negative factors

  • No iron recovery percentage is reported
  • The statement is qualitative only

Evidence · text

“high-grade lithium, low-grade iron concentrate can be generated”
metallurgical test workMina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Test Work

Program Status
detailed
Test Type
metallurgical test work
Processing Route
conventional processing technology
Sample
representative mineralisation at Mina do Barroso

Recovery

Recovery Basis
actual_test

Lab

Laboratory
Nagrom Metallurgical
Consultant
Nagrom Metallurgical

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: The mineralogical result supports the processing concept, but the release stops short of quantifying performance.

Positive factors

  • Microscopy confirmed concentrate was almost entirely spodumene

Negative factors

  • No numeric recovery or concentrate grade is given

Evidence · text

“Microscopy confirmed that the concentrate was almost entirely spodumene.”
Fact 4Mina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Test Work

Sample
field duplicates of 208 samples

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: This is an important QA/QC and data-quality note because the iron values required correction for contamination.

Positive factors

  • QA/QC and duplicate testing are disclosed
  • Field duplicates of 208 samples were submitted for analysis

Negative factors

  • Iron contamination was identified in the assay data
  • The release says the iron content was affected by abrasion of steel sample preparation equipment

Evidence · text

“field duplicates of 208 samples”
Fact 5Mina do Barroso Lithium Project · lithiumView all details
Link to this fact

Identity

Project
Mina do Barroso Lithium Project
Commodity
lithium
Region
northern portugal
Reported Region
northern Portugal
Ticker
SAV

Test Work

Sample
Grandao deposit

Lab

Laboratory
ALS

Location

Loc. Confidence
low

Review

Needs Review
No
Historical
No

Reasoning: The check-assay program is material because it underpins the corrected iron values used in the resource estimate.

Positive factors

  • Preliminary check assays were undertaken
  • A regression formula was developed to correct Fe contamination

Negative factors

  • The release states iron contamination was introduced during sample preparation

Evidence · text

“a preliminary program of check assays”

How Atlas produces this analysis

Minestarters Atlas uses automated extraction to summarize mining announcements, identify reported measurements, and classify supporting evidence. Sentiment reflects the extracted narrative and classification rules; it is an interpretation, not a reported measurement. Evidence quotes and context are provided where available. Missing data, low-confidence results, and review flags indicate limitations. Check the original publisher announcement before relying on an interpretation.